C++ Programming Basic Concepts

C++ programming concepts for programmers: To be productive in any language every programmer needs to know about important concepts. let’s try to find important concepts that every C++ Programmer needs to know about.

There are three levels to be a  master in any programming language.

1. Low Level
2. Mid Level 
3. High Level

Low-Level Programming

Learning the fundamental things like variables, functions, and arrays, it is really crucial to freely operate with pointers and references.C++ doesn’t have automatic garbage collection, which forces programmers to understand low-level details about memory management.

In this context, knowing pointers is a must. Compared to Java/C#, a confusing moment in C++ is that variables and members of type T actually hold T objects, rather than references to T.

An important role plays in the rvalue and lvalue variables. with the new C++ standard (C++11 and beyond), move semantics come into play, allowing to write even more efficient code. Finally, you can’t code complex projects if you are not familiar with Classes and Objects, object construction/destruction procedures, and similar.

Mid Level Programming

More in-depth knowledge of Object-Oriented C++ concepts is a must, as knowing how virtual functions work, what is a virtual table pointer (sometimes referred to as a vtable, vptr) and how would you describe the difference between static and dynamic polymorphism.

Speaking of static polymorphism, templates come to mind. Getting to know the templates will come naturally if you will dive deeper into the Standard Template Library, STL. You should know the differences between std:: vector<T>and std:: list<T>, and why iterators are called “random access iterators” for vectors, and “bidirectional iterators” for lists.

High-Level Programming

While knowing containers and algorithms from the STL is a must for mid-level C++ developers, details of those algorithms/ containers implementations. Here’s a common C++ interview question you might encounter in your career: “Why is the time complexity of std:: distance() function O(n) for std:: list iterators, and O(1) for std:: vector iterators?“

Here’s another one, “describe the “.This question tests whether the developer knows that std:: remove returns an iterator to the beginning of the range of “not actually removed” elements, after which one should “really” remove those elements by calling the container-specific toerase() function.

What we should learn in C Plus Plus?

• Data Hierarchy 
• Memory Concepts 
• Algorithms 
• Pseudocode
• Control Structures
• Sentinel-Controlled Repetition
• Nested Control Statements
• Assignment Operators
• Logical Operators
• Different between (==) and (=) Operators
• How to define Class
• How to define function and data members in a class and out of the class
• Function with parameter
• Function prototype and Argument passing
• Reference and reference parameters
• Default arguments
• Utility function
• Reusability concept in the program
• How to use Objects with Constructors
• If statement
• If-else statement
• while statement
• Do-while statement
• Increment and Decrement Operators
• For loop 
• Switch statement with Break and continue keywords
• the erase-remove idiom in C++
• Math library
• Standard library
• Storage classes
• Variable Scope rules
• Inline function
• Unary scope resolution operator
• Function overloading
• Function templates
• Recursion 
• Declaration of an array using the loop 
• Use of bar chart to display array data
• Local and static local arrays
• Range-based statement

• Multidimensional array
• Pointer variable(initialization/declaration)
• Passing references using a pointer
• Nonconstant and constant pointer
• Pointer Expression/Pointer Arithmetic
• Relationship between pointer and array
• Use of string using a pointer
• Class scope
• Destructors
• Constant object
• Constant data members of the class
• Friend function/Friend class
• This pointer
• Static class/ static member
• Operator Overloading
• Overloading Binary Operators
• Overloading Unary operators
• Overloading the Unary prefix and postfix operator
• Dynamic memory management
• Operators as a member or non-member functions
• Explicit constructors and Overloading the Function call operator ()
• Base class and Derived class
• Relationship between Base and Derived class
• Constructors and Destructors in Derived classes
• Access modifiers
• Public, Private and Protected inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Virtual function and virtual destructors
• Type fields
• Abstract classes
• Pure virtual functions
• Streams
• Classic and Standard streams
• Iostream library headers
• Input-output streams
• Uppercase and Lowercase control
• Files and Stream
• Creating a sequential file
• Reading data from a file
• Updating file
• Random access file
• Creating, reading, writing data to a random access file
• Iterators
• Class bitset
• Exception handling
• Rethrowing an exception
• Stack Unwinding
• Dynamic Memory allocation
• Standard library exception hierarchy
• Nontype parameters
• Overloading function templates
• Self-refer classes
• Typedef keyword
• Type of keyword
• Namespaces
• Multiple Inheritance
• Preprocessing directive
• Symbolic constant
• Macros
• Conditional Compilation
• # and ## Operators
• Assertions

and most important is that you learn where a breakpoint occurs and when and how to code run, stop, and continue.