C++ Programming Basic Concepts YASH PAL, 15 September 201828 June 2025 C++ programming concepts for programmers: To be productive in any language every programmer needs to know about important concepts. let’s try to find important concepts that every C++ Programmer needs to know about.There are three levels to be a master in any programming language.Low LevelMid Level High LevelLow-Level ProgrammingLearning the fundamental things like variables, functions, and arrays, it is really crucial to freely operate with pointers and references.C++ doesn’t have automatic garbage collection, which forces programmers to understand low-level details about memory management.In this context, knowing pointers is a must. Compared to Java/C#, a confusing moment in C++ is that variables and members of type T actually hold T objects, rather than references to T. An important role plays in the rvalue and lvalue variables. with the new C++ standard (C++11 and beyond), move semantics come into play, allowing to write even more efficient code. Finally, you can’t code complex projects if you are not familiar with Classes and Objects, object construction/destruction procedures, and similar.Mid Level ProgrammingMore in-depth knowledge of Object-Oriented C++ concepts is a must, as knowing how virtual functions work, what is a virtual table pointer (sometimes referred to as a vtable, vptr) and how would you describe the difference between static and dynamic polymorphism. Speaking of static polymorphism, templates come to mind. Getting to know the templates will come naturally if you will dive deeper into the Standard Template Library, STL. You should know the differences between std:: vector<T>and std:: list<T>, and why iterators are called “random access iterators” for vectors, and “bidirectional iterators” for lists.High-Level ProgrammingWhile knowing containers and algorithms from the STL is a must for mid-level C++ developers, details of those algorithms/ containers implementations. Here’s a common C++ interview question you might encounter in your career: “Why is the time complexity of std:: distance() function O(n) for std:: list iterators, and O(1) for std:: vector iterators?“Here’s another one, “describe the “.This question tests whether the developer knows that std:: remove returns an iterator to the beginning of the range of “not actually removed” elements, after which one should “really” remove those elements by calling the container-specific toerase() function.What we should learn in C Plus Plus?Data Hierarchy Memory Concepts Algorithms PseudocodeControl StructuresSentinel-Controlled RepetitionNested Control StatementsAssignment OperatorsLogical OperatorsDifferent between (==) and (=) OperatorsHow to define ClassHow to define function and data members in a class and out of the classFunction with parameterFunction prototype and Argument passingReference and reference parametersDefault argumentsUtility functionReusability concept in the programHow to use Objects with ConstructorsIf statementIf-else statementwhile statementDo-while statementIncrement and Decrement OperatorsFor loop Switch statement with Break and continue keywordsthe erase-remove idiom in C++Math libraryStandard libraryStorage classesVariable Scope rulesInline functionUnary scope resolution operatorFunction overloadingFunction templatesRecursion Declaration of an array using the loop Use of bar chart to display array dataLocal and static local arraysRange-based statementMultidimensional arrayPointer variable(initialization/declaration)Passing references using a pointerNonconstant and constant pointerPointer Expression/Pointer ArithmeticRelationship between pointer and arrayUse of string using a pointerClass scopeDestructorsConstant objectConstant data members of the classFriend function/Friend classThis pointerStatic class/ static memberOperator OverloadingOverloading Binary OperatorsOverloading Unary operatorsOverloading the Unary prefix and postfix operatorDynamic memory managementOperators as a member or non-member functionsExplicit constructors and Overloading the Function call operator ()Base class and Derived classRelationship between Base and Derived classConstructors and Destructors in Derived classesAccess modifiersPublic, Private and Protected inheritancePolymorphismVirtual function and virtual destructorsType fieldsAbstract classesPure virtual functionsStreamsClassic and Standard streamsIostream library headersInput-output streamsUppercase and Lowercase controlFiles and StreamCreating a sequential fileReading data from a fileUpdating fileRandom access fileCreating, reading, writing data to a random access fileIteratorsClass bitsetException handlingRethrowing an exceptionStack UnwindingDynamic Memory allocationStandard library exception hierarchyNontype parametersOverloading function templatesSelf-refer classesTypedef keywordType of keywordNamespacesMultiple InheritancePreprocessing directiveSymbolic constantMacrosConditional Compilation# and ## OperatorsAssertionsand most important is that you learn where a breakpoint occurs and when and how to code run, stop, and continue. 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