Access permissions in Linux YASH PAL, 3 June 202328 May 2024 Every File or directory in Linux has access permissions. There are three types of permissionsreadwriteexecutePermissions are defined for three types of users:the owner of the filethe group that the owner belongs to.other usersThus, Linux access permissions are nine bits of information (3 types x 3 types of users), and each of them may have just one of two values: allowed or deniedFile PermissionThese three types of permission mean slightly different things for files than for directories For files, these permissions grant these rights read Allowed to read the contents of the filewrite Allowed to modify or delete the file.execute Allowed to run the file as a process, if possibleViewing File PermissionsThe ls command is used to list files and the content of directories. The -l parameter displays permissions. For example, to see the permissions of a file named foo in the file directory/user/bin/bar, you would execute:ls – l/user/bin/bar/foo And the command would return something like this:-rwxr – xr– 1 jsmith guest 3072 June 10 10:25/user/bin/fooIn the example, jsmith is the account that owns foo, and guest is the name of the group that owns/user/bin/fooThe -rwxr – xr– at the left indicates the permissions. The first character the- indicates that/user/bin/foo is a file, not a directory. The rwx shows the permissions for the user class of accounts — in this case, jsmith. The r indicates read permissions, the w writes permissions, and the x executes permission. The following three characters, r-x, show permissions for the group class of accounts, which is guest in this example. Finally, the last three characters, r – -, display permissions for the other class – – any account that is not jsmith and is not in the guest group.r– Read, write and execute permissions for all other users.rw- Read, write and execute permissions for members of the group owning the filerwx Read, write and execute permissions for the other owner of the file.– File type. “-” indicates a regular file. A”d”indicates a directory.Directory PermissionsWhile you are logged in on a character-based interface to a Linux system, you are always associated with a directory. The directory you are associated with is the working directory or current directory. When you first log in, the working directory is your home directory.For directories, the permissions grant these rights:read Allowed to list the contents of the directory.write Allowed to create, modify or delete files in the directory.execute Allowed to access a file in the directory if you know the name of the file.Viewing Directory Permissions: If you want to see the permissions of the /user/bin/bar directory itself, not its contents, then you need to use the -d command line argument for .s. So, you would execute this command.ls-ld /user/bin/barand you would see something like this:dr-xrwxr-x 3 jsmith guest 4096 June 10 10.25/user/bin/barPermission may also be granted in octal codes.S.No.DescriptionAbbreviationoctal code1.Read accessr42.Write (Change) permissionsw23.Execute script of binary executablex14.Read and executerx55.Read and writerw66.Read, write and executerwx7The use of octal assignments does not add or remove permissions but assigns the permission explicitly. Computer Science Tutorials Linux Tutorials computer scienceLinux